#8220;Essay Sample on Stereotypes Don’t Let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgement #8220;

#8220;Essay Sample on Stereotypes Don’t Let Stereotypes Warp Your Judgement #8220; In the essay â€Å"Don’t Let Stereotypes Warp your Judgement†, by Robert C. Heilbroner, he discusses how stereotypes cause us to prejudge the different types of people in the world before actually getting to know them. He writes about the types of stereotyping and how we do it without recognizing it, when we begin, and what we should do to try to prevent it. He gives clear examples of the many types of stereotyping. Every point that the author makes in this essay is valid. Especially the points about childhood stereotyping, how we try to make sense of the world, and what we should try to do to prevent ourselves from stereotyping so much. Heilbroner writes, â€Å" We begin to type-cast people in our early childhood.† This statement is true. Not only do we begin to typecast at an early age, our peers greatly influence how we are to typecast another peer. Kids can be cruel and hurtful even when it comes to a simple kickball game. When is comes to choosing teams, stereotyping is sometimes used. Some of the children who are fit and in shape might exclude and over weight child because they are thought to be slow or not athletic. Even if a child receives good grades, he or she might be typecast as a teacher’s pet. This child may not be liked by his peers just because he does well in school and he can be called names such as dork or geek. Things like this can scar a child mentally and even cause a low feeling of self worth. It takes us a while to realize that these simple assumptions aren’t always correct. â€Å"Sometimes stereotyping can be used to help us make sense of this complicated world.† Heilbroner also mentions in his essay. Sometimes it can be hard for us to comprehend all the complexities of the world. There are so many different types of people that we actually put them into categories to try to help us understand them. Actually, putting people into categories kind of blinds us from seeing the true person. We categorize by race, occupation, physical appearance, and a variety of other things. Something that we most often put in to a category is race. Out of all the things we have to offer, the color of our skin and culture background we have seems to stick out the most. In the past there were certain hate groups such as the KKK, that showed extreme hatred towards any other race than the white race. The KKK would do violent things to them such as brutal beatings or even hangings. Now days stuff like this is very rare although hatred of other races is still among us. We have come to more of an expectance that the only thing different was the color of skin. It is a known fact that race has nothing to do with our personalities. We know that stereotyping is wrong, so we should try to do things to prevent it. The author suggest that we become aware of the standardized pictures in our head and disregarded them and that we should begin with individualism rather than begin with a type. Doing so can help us know people for who they really are rather than what the world says they are. Even though getting the mental pictures out of or heads can be hard, it’s something that should be done. Another thing we can do to prevent stereotyping is to get out explore our differences in culture and make your own judgement. If we get out into the world, we can meet so many different types of people. Every person has a story behind him or her and every person has something unique about him or her. Agreeing with all the points that the author makes in this essay we can see that stereotyping is something some of us do on a daily basis and we need to realize this. It seems as though it has taken over the world in some form. And it seems as though it does not help the world and it does not make us feel better about ourselves. Do we do this purposely? I would say probably not. Many of the things we hear and see while growing up paint those mental pictures in our heads and sometimes we prejudge subconsciously without even realizing it. That is why we should try to recognize these pictures and make no use of them. Maybe we should start with our children and tell them to get to know someone before excluding them in groups. They can expand their intelligence by trying to understand the diversity of everything. There is nothing positive to come of stereotyping. It only causes us to be blind to the world. The world is has so much to offer in it’s uniqueness and we should embrace i t instead of judge it.

Policies for elderly care in the UK Essays

Policies for elderly care in the UK Essays Policies for elderly care in the UK Essay Policies for elderly care in the UK Essay Ripening SocietyPeoples are populating longer, particularly across the Western universe. This has produced a corresponding addition in wellness attention costs, because older people have a higher prevalence of degenerative and infective diseases ( Dietetics, 2006 ) . Ageing has been implicated in fleshiness, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and abnormal psychology ( Hu et al, 2000 ; BNF, 2004 ) . Presently, more than a fifth of the UK population is aged over 65 old ages, and this proportion will increase to around 30 % across Europe by 2030 ( BNF, 2001 ) Old age is characterised by a greater susceptibleness to degenerative, infective, familial, and lifestyle-related unwellnesss. ADepartment of Healthstudy in the early 90s found that over 50 % of the aged have a chronic unwellness, 20 % have problem visual perception, 10 % are unable to walk ( down the route, or up a stairway ) , and 50 % of adult females and a one-fourth of the work forces aged gt ; 85 old ages lacked the ability to cook a repast ( DOH, 1992 ) . These troubles continue to afflict the aged today ( BNF, 2003 ) , haltering their ability to provide for their nutritionary demands.NUTRITIONAL PATTERNSMalnutrition is a turning job amongst the aged ( Smithers et al, 1998 ; BNF, 2001, 2002, 2003 ; Dieteticss, 2006 ) . Nutrition demands go more critical with increasing age. Energy degrees drop off aggressively, doing an exponential decrease in BMR ( radical metabolic rates ) . It is of import for older people to stay active, consume equal measures of fat, fiber, saccharides, vitamins, and other micronutrients ( BNF, 2002, 2004 ) , and avoid intoxicant. However, a recent DEFRA [ 1 ] study of dietetic patterns in grownups ( DEFRA, 2004 ) revealed upseting nutritionary tendencies. Consumption of intoxicant and dietetic fat increased with aged, top outing between the ages of 50 to lt ; 65 ( intoxicant ) , and 65 to lt ; 75 ( fat ) ( see Figure 1 ) . Fruit ingestion peaked between 50 to lt ; 65 old ages, so showed a diminution through age 75. Energy consumption from fat and cholesterin increased with age, while Iron and fibre consumption seemed to stagnate throughout maturity ( see Figure 2 ) .Figure 1Household Outgo on Selected Foods by Age ( DEFRA, 2004, p.61 ) . X Axis represents the Age Groups, while Y Axis represents Pence per Person per Week.Figure 2Energy A ; Nutrient consumption for Selected Foods by Age ( DEFRA, 2004, p.62 ) . The X Axis represents the Age Groups. The Y Axis represents Intake per Person per Day in Grams ( Milligrams for Iron, Calcium, Cholesterol A ; Vitamin C ) . To suit the graph more handily, figures for Vitamin D and Potassium x 10, and Calcium /10 . Figure for Cholesterol foremost converted to Grams, so x 10.FACTORS IN MALNUTRITIONOlder people are more vulnerably to malnutrition for assorted grounds ( BNF, 2004 ; Dieteticss, 2006 ; Furman, 2006 ) . First, medical conditions, such as osteoporosis and bosom disease, may order what should or should non be eaten. Therefore, for illustration while oily/fatty nutrients like oleo spreads, which are a good beginning of Vitamin D, may besides be high in cholesterin and hence inappropriate for person with cardiovascular infirmities. Second hapless teething may halter the ability to masticate. Mobility restraints may forestall shopping for and readying of nutrient. Potential complications caused by drug prescriptions means that ingestion of certain nutrients may non be recommended. Economic adversities can restrict both the measure and quality of nutrient that can be purchased. Even the age-related impairment in the senses ( e.g. odor and gustatory sensation ) can impact nutrient pick i n the aged ( BNF, 2003 ) . Changes in intestine map can impair efficient soaking up of foods by the organic structure ( Dietetics, 2006 ) . Finally, as people age, they are more likely to be entirely and homebound ( e.g. due to illness ) . Suddenly, cooking and shopping at the local supermarket may go hard, and many aged people may happen themselves to a great extent dependent on shop closet nutrient or meals on wheels’ . Consequently nutrient policies have been developed in the UK specifically to provide for the nutritionary demands of the aged.Existing nutrient policies [ 2 ] in Britain basically amount to supplying the aged with sufficient advice and information to enable them make the right nutrient picks ( FSA, 2005, 2006 ) . TheFood Standards Agencyhas outlined specific nutritionary guidelines for old people ( FSA, 2006 ) . These include eating plentifulness of nutrient rich in amylum and fiber ( e.g. staff of life, rice, cereals ) , iron-rich nutrients ( e.g. ruddy mea t, eggs, lentils, oily fish ) , foods/liquids rich in Vitamin C ( fruit juice, citrous fruit fruit, Piper nigrums, tomatoes ) , nutrients, rich in folic acid ( e.g. brown rice ) , and Ca rich nutrients ( e.g. milk, cheese ) . The FSA besides recommends Vitamin D addendums ( particularly for individuals of Asiatic beginning, who seldom venture out-of-doorss, and eat no meat or fish ) . Consumption of Vitamin A, K, and salt should be moderate. In their Strategic Plan 2005-2010 Puting Consumers First, the FSA ( 2005 ) places considerable accent onpick. Their policy is to advance healthier nutrient picks by supplying better information ( e.g. improved nutrition labelling, allergen labelling ) , modulating nutrient supplements/health claims based on sound grounds, and protecting against nutrient fraud. In add-on to FSA nutrition recommendations ( FSA, 2006 ) , Government sections, such as theDepartment of Health( DOH ) , and professional organic structures, notably theNational Institute for Clinical Excellence( NICE ) , besides issue specific guidelines for advancing nutrition in the aged in specific clinical and community scenes. These are considered below.Care/Nursing HomesSince a important proportion of the aged population reside in attention places, general ordinances for attention places – which include nutritionary criterions – have been published byDepartment of Health( DOH, 2001 ) , the Care Standards Inspectorate for Wales ( CSIW, 2004 ) , and the Scots Commission for the Regulation of Care ( SCRC, 2005 ) . Guidelines for Northern Ireland are espoused in theResidential Care Homes Regulations( NI ) 2005 ( Statutory Rules for Northern Ireland, 2005 ) . TheScots Office Department of Health( SODOH, 1997 ) published the Nursing Home Core Standard, which provides nutritionary counsel for nursing/care places. These organic structures all specify compulsory criterions associating to meal times, repast content, and bill of fare pick, consistent with n utrition specifications of the Food Standards Agency ( FSA, 2005, 2006 ) and NICE ( 2006 ) . Hospitals Hospitals in England and Wales are guided by NICE nutritionary guidelines, which although non specific to older patients, are applicable to any grownups who are malnourished or at hazard of malnutrition ( NICE, 2006 ) . TheBritish Dietetic Associationpublished Standards of Care for Older Adults in Hospital every bit early as 1993 ( BDA, 1993 ) , which includes nutritionary counsel. TheScots Nursing Home Core Standards for Nutrition( NHCSN ) provide a practical usher for staff working with aged patients in infirmaries. In 2002The National Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Advisory Committee( NNMHVAC ) ( Scots Executive, 2002 ) set up a working group to see the nutritionary demands of older patients in Scots Hospitals, utilizing the Nursing Core Standards ( SODOH, 1997 ) . Overall, it is a recommended that patients’ nutritionary demands are adequately addressed through nutritionarytesting, dietetic appraisal ( patients at hazard, dietetic penchants, hapless intake degree ) , dietetic consumption ( e.g. hygiene, meal telling system, menu design etc ) , and staff training/monitoring. Nutritional showing is now compulsory in Scots Hospitals ( Scottish Executive, 2002 ) . In Northern Ireland single Hospital Trusts are responsible for developing and implementing their ain guidelines. Own Home NICE guidelines are besides applicable to the place ( NICE, 2006, p.4 ) . Health attention professionals are required to set about supervising both in the infirmary and community. They are expected to develop patients and carers to recognize alterations in their nutritionary demands, and take appropriate action. Additionally, the FSA has published Ages and Stages – Eat Well’ , a self-help counsel that on what to eat ( nutrients rich in amylum, fiber, Fe etc ) , and vitamin/salt intake ( FSA, 2006 ) . These criterions are applicable across England, Wales, and Scotland [ 3 ] . Homebound In England, Scotland and Wales, it is the Local Governments that provide nutritionary support for homebound aged people, for illustration repast proviso ( e.g. place delivered hot/frozen repasts, aid with shopping ) and appraisal ( placing people at hazard of malnutrition ) . In Northern Ireland it is the Health Boards that provide these services. Other Developments In 2005 the Health Ageing Action Plan was published by theWelsh Assemblyto supply support to older people ( aged 50+ ) on assorted wellness issues, including nutrition ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2005 ) . The papers outlines assorted proposals such as supplying free conveyance to supermarkets, measuring the proviso of a meals-on-wheels strategy, and supplying appropriate preparation for caterers. The Welsh Assembly in concurrence with the FSA besides launched Food and Well-being in 2003, which outlines nutritionary schemes for vulnerable groups including the aged ( FSA/Welsh Assembly Government, 2003 ) .Figure 3Change in nutrient policy for the aged requires justification and a clear set of standards. Tangible conceptual and matter-of-fact restraints may hinder alteration. A theoretical account slackly based on Kurt Lewins ( 1951 )alteration’model.DEVELOPING NEW POLICIESDeveloping new nutritionary constabularies for the aged requires standards that define appropriate criterio ns and ends. The immediate concern is that policy alteration must be evidence-based ( Khan et al, 2003 ) . Second, precise aims must be set, which can be translated into auditable action programs ( e.g. addition in QALY [ 4 ] , or BMI [ 5 ] ) . Goals must be client- or patient-centred, in maintaining with professional ethical, and where possible involve input from multidisciplinary staff and carers. Once new policies are developed they have to be implemented. This entails a procedure of alteration, whereby bing criterions are modified, supplemented, or replaced wholly. Harmonizing to Kurt Lewin ( 1951 ) such alteration is occurs in an environment of restraining and drive forces ( see Figure 3 ) . Furman ( 2006 ) elucidates some of these restraints, including the deficiency of clear definitions about what exactly constitutes malnutrition, inconclusive diagnostic standards, confusion about symptomatology and associated unwellnesss, uncoordinated attention proviso, limited intervention options, and improper prescriptions ( e.g. medicines that interfere with soaking up of foods ) . Extra restraints include organizational inactiveness, increased work loads for attention staff, entrenched behavioral norms, in both patients’ and attention staff, unequal preparation for all concerned, and overall, a generalinvoluntarinessamongst the aged to alter long-run life styles and dietetic patterns. Antagonizing these barriers are driving forces, chiefly the demand to better attention proviso for the aged and cut down the prevalence and incidence if malnutrition. Policy execution is improbable to win unless hindrances to better nutritionary wellness are first overcome.RecommendationExisting nutrient policies for turn toing the demands of the aged population seem adequate at aconceptualdegree. Both the NICE, and FSA, offer really exact counsel on specific nutritionary demands, so that many aged people populating on their ain, or being cared for in a hospital/nursing place , may in fact be feeding healthily.The job is non the policies themselves but instead the deficiency ofconsistenceof application, across different attention scenes and parts of the United Kingdom. The consequence is that the quality of nutritionary attention and back up the aged receive may depend to a great extent on where they live. Both Wales and Scotland appear to hold better developed policies for advancing nutrition in the aged. For illustration, in Scotland, theNursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit( NMPDU, 2002 ) has issued a best practice’ statement for nutritionary attention of the aged within the Scots NHS, which includes specific action programs for nutritionary appraisal, diet, etc. In Wales, Welsh Assembly and FSA have both produced counsel paperss specifically to advance wellness eating in older grownups ( FSA/Welsh Assembly, 2003 ; Welsh Assembly, 2005 ) . However, there is less lucidity about best practice’ criterions being applied in England and Northern Ireland, nor do at that place look to be specific NHS, FSA, orHouse of Commonspolicies for England and Northern Ireland. Three outstanding policy issues are considered below ( see Figure 4 ) .While the FSAsStrategic Planfor 2005-2010 lineations specific ends and actions to be taken over the following few old ages to better nutritionary criterions, this papers makes no specific mention to the aged. It is clear that older people have really specific nutritionary demands, non to advert alone restrains that may contradict proper eating ( e.g. limitations imposed by medical or dental damage, such as deficiency of mobility, trouble cookery ) . Therefore, it is indispensable for the FSA to put out age-specific proposals sing nutrient safety, wellness feeding and pick, the cardinal issues highlighted in the current papers. The FSA can besides assist develop strategies specific to England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, instead similar to theFood and Wellbeingproposals develope d with the Welsh Assembly ( FSA/Welsh Assembly, 2003 ) . Best Practice The Scots NHS best practice’ criterions published by theNursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit( NMPDU, 2002 ) should be applicable across the UK. Presently, it isn’t clear whether these criterions are implemented outside Scotland. The execution ofNursing Home Core Standardsin Scotland has been closely monitored with the publication of a study, set up by the NNMHVAC [ 6 ] ( Scottish Executive, 2002 ) . The purpose of this working group was to measure execution of criterions, and place illustrations of best practice’ . Similar execution and monitoring of nutritionary criterions and best pattern for the aged should use to the NHS in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Nutritional Screening Malnutrition in the aged can hold really terrible wellness deductions ( Scots Executive, 2002, p. 3 ) . Therefore, it would look sensible to guarantee that every older grownup above a certain age is undergoes compulsory nutritionary showing on a regular footing. Presently, NICE guidelines recommend testing in clinical ( i.e. infirmary and professional attention ) scenes. However, Ellen ( 2006 ) emphasises the importance of nutritionary appraisal for the aged acrossbothclinical and community ( i.e. place ) locales, reasoning that failure to measure and handle malnutrition in community-dwelling older grownups can take to both physical and functional disablements that result in admittance to acute attention infirmaries, long-run attention installations, or death ( p.23 ) . Old people who are populating at place or homebound may non undergo need particular agreements to be in topographic point ( e.g. regular place showing carried out by a sing nurse ) , to guarantee that those with nutri tionary lacks are identified rapidly. Nutritional showing should be cosmopolitan and applicable to all attention places and NHS Hospital Trusts. Screening processs published by theBritish Dietetic Association( BDA, 1999 ) can be used as a templet for developing guidelines. Other Considerations The DEFRAFamily Foodstudy ( DEFRA, 2004 ) indicated upseting age-related derived functions in nutritionary hazard ( see Figures 1 and 2 ) . For illustration, 50-65 old ages olds seems to describe peculiarly high degrees of outgo on intoxicant ( Figure 1 ) , Calcium and Vitamin C intake both seem to drop off beyond age 75, and dietetic fat ingestion seems to increase exponentially from the 50-65 to the 65-75 age bracket, and beyond ( see Figure 2 ) . Such forms may warrant the development of nutritionary policies tailored for specific mark ( age ) groups even among the aged, but this is non a major consideration.Figure 4Bettering Nutrition for the Aged: Three Avenues for ImprovementDecisionIn decision, bing nutrient policies for the aged are multifaceted and applicable to a assortment of scenes. The adequateness of current policies is remains questionable every bit long as malnutrition amongst older grownups continues to turn. Make new policies need to be developed? Possibly, albeit i t can be argued that bing policies are non needfully flawed ( i.e. inadequate ) . Rather, the job is that execution has been inconsistent across different parts of the UK, and besides different attention scenes. Policy development, executing, and scrutinizing, seem far more advanced in Scots NHS Trusts, compared to England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The 2002 study by the Nursing and Midwifery Visiting Committee cites legion illustrations of good practice’ in which Nursing Home Core Standards for nutrition were implemented to advance nutrition for older patients ( Scots Executive, 2002 ) . What is required hence isn’t new policies, but instead the constitution ofPractice Development Unit of measurementsacross the UK. These can publish statements of best pattern, and back up execution of nutritionary guidelines, as is the instance in Scotland ( NMPDU, 2002 ) . Guidelines must besides be in topographic point to ease best pattern incommunityscenes ( e.g. at place ) , non merely in professional attention scenes ( e.g. infirmaries ) , with particular support for home-alone’ or home bound’ people.BDA ( 1993Dietary Standards of Care for the Older Adult in Hospital. London:British Dietetic Association.BDA ( 1999 )Nutritional Screening Tools–Professional Development CommitteeBriefing Paper No. 9. London: British Dietetic Association.BNF ( 2001 )Healthy Ageing in Europe ( HP 9 ). London: British Nutrition Foundation.BNF ( 2002 )Vitamins A and E for the Elderly ( CG 58 ). London: British NutritionFoundation.BNF ( 2003 )Reasonable Food for the Elderly ( CG 66 ). London: British NutritionFoundation.BNF ( 2004 ) Older Adults. London: British Nutrition Foundation.DEFRA ( 2004 )Family Food: A study on the 2002-03 Outgo and Food Survey.London: Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs.DOH ( 1992 )Report on Health and Social Subjects 31–The Nutrition of ElderlyPeoples. Committee of Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: Depa rtmentof Health.Dieteticss ( 2006 ) Undernutrition in the Elderly [ online ] Energy Active.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dietetics.co.uk/article-undernutrition-in-the-elderly.asp [ Accessed12 August 2006 ]FSA ( 2005 )Strategic Plan 2005-2010: Puting Consumers First. London: FoodStandards Agency.FSA ( 2006 ) Eat good, be good [ online ] Crown Copyright.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eatwell.gove.uk/agesandstages/olderpeople/ [ Accessed 12 August 2006 ]FSA/Welsh Assembly Government ( 2003 )Food and Wellbeing: ReductionInequalities through a Nutrition Strategy for Wales. Cardiff: Welsh AssemblyGovernment.Furman, E.F. ( 2006 ) Undernutrition in older grownups across the continuum of attention:nutritionary appraisal, barriers, and intercessions.Journal of GerontologicalNursing. 32, pp.22-27.Hu, F.B. , Rimm, E.B. , Stampfer, M.J. , Ascherio, A. , Spiegelman, D. A ; Willett, W.C.( 2000 ) Prospective survey of major dietetic forms and hazard of coronary bosomdisease in work forces .American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72, pp.912-921.Khan, K. , Kunz, R. , Kleijnen, J. A ; Antes, G. ( 2003 )Systematic Reviews to SupportEvidence-based Medicine: How to Review and Apply Findings of HealthcareResearch. Oxford: Royal Society of Medicine Press.Lewin, K. ( 1951 )Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper A ; Row.NICE ( 2006 )Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral TubeFeeding and Parenteral Nutrition. London: National Institute of ClinicalExcellence.NMPDU ( 2002 )Nutrition for Physically Frail Older Peoples. Edinburgh: Nursing A ;Midwifery Practice Development Unit.Scots Executive ( 2002 )National Nursing Midwifery A ; Health Visiting AdvisoryCommittee: Promoting Nutrition for Older Adult In-Patients in NHS Hospitalsin Scotland. Edinburgh: Scots Executive.Smithers, G. , Finch, S. , Doyle, W. , Lowe, C. , Bates, C.J. , Prentice, A. A ; Clarke, P.C.( 1998 ) The national diet and nutrition study: people aged 65 old ages and over.Nutrit ion A ; Food Science. 3, pp.133-137.SODOH ( 1997 )Nursing Home Core Standards. NHS MEL 34. Edinburgh: ScotsOffice of the Department of Health.Welsh Assembly Government ( 2005 )Healthy Ageing Action Plan for Wales: AngstromResponse to Health Challenge Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.1

Emergency Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Emergency Management - Assignment Example The concept selected is preparedness. Preparedness relates to those activities; actions or strategies layout by emergency leaders in preparation for unforeseen disasters and emergencies. A good example of preparedness is training of emergency management personnel. Training prepares them with abilities, skills, and knowledge needed to handle future emergencies. For instance, NEMA can advance training to emergency personnel on handling contagious and infectious viruses like Ebola. Following the trending political and military situation in Juba, South Sudan, the government of America finds it difficult to advance security to its citizens in the country. The limited emergency services justify the evacuation plan. The current event and strategies of evacuation warnings relates to emergency management as US will be able to handle the situation once its citizens are out of danger (US Embassy, 2014). United States Embassy (Juba South Sudan) (January 3, 2014). Emergency Message for U.S. Citizens: Republic of South Sudan. Retrieved September 24, 2014, from

Enviromental Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviromental - Assignment Example Mass of Ozone in troposphere = 2.28Ãâ€"1013g. Similarly, it means 3 ppm = 3 volumes of Ozone gas/106 volumes of air. Ppmv of Ozone in stratosphere = (ppm/MW) Ãâ€" 22.4. Therefore, ppmv = (3/48) Ãâ€" 22.4 = 1.4ppmv. This means that 1 million volumes of air have 1.4 volumes of Ozone by mass. 1 million volumes of air in stratosphere represent 2.5Ãâ€"1020 g of air. What about 1.4 ppmv of Ozone? Mass of Ozone = (1.4Ãâ€" 2.5Ãâ€"1020)/1Ãâ€"106. Mass of Ozone = 3.5Ãâ€"1014g. Partial pressure, Px = CxÃâ€"P where Px is partial pressure, Cx is the partial concentration of gas x and P is the entire pressure. N2O, MW of 44, has a concentration of 0.31ppm at ground level. Ne, MW of 20, has concentration of 18 ppm at 30km. Pressure of Ne with respect to the altitude of 30 km is given by Pa = 0.9877a, where a = altitude in 100’s of meters. Therefore, Pa = 0.9877300= 0.0244atm. Partial pressure of Ne = 18ppmÃâ€"0.0244 = 0.44 atm. Partial pressure of N2O = 0.31Ãâ€"1 = 0.31 atm. Therefore, Ne has a greater partial pressure that N2O. 100% relative humidity represents 0.031atm H2O. On the other hand, liquid water is present at 100ug/m3. Assuming a temperature of 25oC, then we will convert ug/m3 into ppmv using the formula ppmv = (mg/m3 Ãâ€" oK)/ (0.08205 Ãâ€" MW). With respect to water vapor, ppmv = (0.1 mg/m3 Ãâ€" 298)/(0.08205 Ãâ€" 18). Ppmv = 20.18. Using PV = nRT, then moles of air in 1 mol of gaseous mixture = 1Ãâ€"106 / 6.023Ãâ€"1023 = 1.66Ãâ€"10-18. Converting moles into volume we get 4.06Ãâ€"10-14 cm3. Therefore, the urban atmosphere contains 20.18 molecules of liquid H2O /4.06Ãâ€"10-14 cm3 of air. On water vapor, 30% relative humidity represents (30 Ãâ€" 0.031)/ 100 = 0.0093 atm. In 1 atm, volume of gas = 24.45L, in 0.0093 atm, volume of vapor = (0.0093 Ãâ€" 24.45)/1 = 0.227L. Based on theory, 1 mol = 24.45L (Dr Richards 01). Therefore, 0.227L contains (0.227Ãâ€"1)/24.45 = 0.0093 molecules/L. In terms of cm3, the atmosphere has 9.3

Technology Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Competitive Advantage - Essay Example One example of disruptive technology is the next revolution in machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. It is essentially a technology that helps to establish communication between different sectors of a business without the involvement of additional personnel. One example of an M2M component can be RFID (radio frequency identification). Today, the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) can bring revolution in the supply chain management. RFID tags are â€Å"small objects that can be attached to or incorporated into an object, and contain silicon chips and antennas that enable them to receive and respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID reader† (Santosh & Smith, 2008, p.128). In order to execute an overall low-cost leadership strategy, the emphasis should be on finding innovative ways for cost reduction or substitutions in every aspect of supply and distribution chain (Orcullo, 227). The principal focus area of RFID is to provide possibilities to improve the supply chain management, and this can be advantageous for retailers. In combination with mobile computing and online technologies, RFID can help an organization to efficiently manage and upkeep its stocks. This technology can eliminate manual labour for identification of products and their storage, thus labour cost can be reduced to increase the profit margin (Al-Odeh, 343). RFID is an electronic substitute for barcodes and is a vast improvement with superior accuracy, real-time tracking and top-speed read rate. In this ever-changing business world, convenience and time-saving techniques are priorities, and RFID is a key to these elements. RFID is currently being used in manufacturing sector, retail s tores and supply chain industry. RFID technology can be beneficial to the company in relation to inventory management and supply chain management. Although the initial investment can be huge with no real possibility of returns in the short run, it can, however, prove to be profitable in the long run.  Ã‚  

An analysis of aldis strategy

An analysis of aldis strategy Introduction In 1948, the brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht opened the grocery store ‘Albrecht Discounts (Aldi) in Essen (Ruhr Valley), Germany. The store had a simple layout and provided a great deal of products at a low price. The company grew rapidly, owning 13 stores in 1950 and about 300 stores in 1961 across Germany. In 1961, Theo and Karl divided the company into Aldi North (run by Theo) and Aldi South (run by Karl). The reasons for this division, according to Dieter Brandes, a former managing director of Aldi in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, were different views about how to develop the business. However, the brothers normally exchanged information about a range of issues such as performance and cost figures, current and potential suppliers and they also conducted joint negotiations with suppliers. In 2003, Theo and Karl resigned as CEOs. Theos son, Theo Albrecht Jr, now runs Aldi North, and Juergen Kroll and Norbert Podschlapp run Aldi South. Since the ‘Spend a little Live a lot message is being known by more and more people, and Aldi has been obtained ‘Best Supermarket 2009 Award in 2009, Aldi has become one of most reputable retailer in the international business, and it operates over 7,000 stores worldwide. Considering of this situation, it would be interesting to understand and analyse the management strategies of Aldi. Therefore, my project will analyse management strategies of Aldi which operates a discount supermarket chain in the retail industry. The paper begins by using PEST analysis, Porters 5 forces analysis and Competitors analysis to analyse the environment of supermarket industry. The next section is to analyse the strategic capability of Aldi. The following section discusses purpose of Aldi, and the final section draws recommendations for improvement of Aldis strategy. Section 1: Environmental Analysis PEST analysis Based on using a PEST analysis, it is likely to recognize the core environmental influences on Aldi. Firstly, it is well-known that the major economic factor is the global recession which originally caused by the United States housing bubble during the period from 2005 to 2008. This financial event has been to strongly motivate customers who begin to purchase inexpensive products with high quality. This means that Aldi will attract a great deal of customers without advertising and doing activities of sales promotion. Because of this situation, it is not necessary to conduct new strategies for the growth of customers. On the other hand, global recession possibly result in the increase of products cost, thus there is a doubt of whether Aldi could sale low-price products with good quality. Therefore, Aldi should consider this problem in order to ensure future growth. Furthermore, social factors impact on Aldi includes the change in consumer taste, some of lifestyle changes and health concerns. It is clear that in recent years more and more consumers start changing their taste, for instance, an increasing demand for organic foods and ban of GM foods. Aldi should consider this factor because it may impacts on the future products development of strategy. Moreover, there is not doubt that some of lifestyle changes such as home shopping and interest usage might increase online shopping, thus according to this factor, Aldi possibly invest more funds to enhance their online service and deliverys service. Recently, health concern has become a key issue around the world, so consumers tend to purchase health products without worrying about the price. For example, BSE outbreak precipitated ban of British beef (Elliott, 2005). There do not seem to any main political and technological factors in the environment that Aldi needs to consider. Porters five forces In order to effectively analyse the competitive environment of Aldi, it is better to use Porters five forces to analyse (Porter, 1985). According to the analysis, the threat of new entrants into the supermarket industry in the UK is not high. It is clear that Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and other supermarket chains may set up considerable barriers to entry for new entrants. For instance, the new supermarket will not be able to access inexpensive and reliable suppliers because Tesco may have cornered the market for certain goods. However, there is evidence of size and power of large supermarket unable to retaliate on price, value and quality. For example, Aldi successfully obtain more market share in the UK in recent years, because it has applied the strategy of low-price products with high quality. Furthermore, it is not doubt that buying power of consumers was high because they had so much choice, and their actions can force prices decline. For example, if beans are too expensive in Aldi, buyers will move to another supermarket to purchase, thus a price was will happen immediately among supermarkets. Moreover, it is believed that suppliers power was low because of low cost of switching suppliers and alternative source of supply. However, sometimes suppliers may stand a high power. For instance, normally suppliers signed a contract with retailers about paying a certain price for their products, but if retailers do not pay the price, suppliers will delay the products delivery or do not send goods to them. Competitive rivalry is very high in the supermarket industry. The core reason for competition is strong in the supermarket industry because price wars always happen among supermarkets. Based on price wars, winner can gain more market share. For instance Aldi gave the highest discount to gain a part of market share while it enters the UK supermarket industry. Product for product substitution within supermarket industry is the main threat, thus it is believed that the threat of substitutes is strong. For instance, Aldi has competition from companies like Asda or Tesco that can provide substitutes for their goods. This may drives a low-price of groceries in both companies. Competitors analysis Aldi not only faces the competition of strong supermarkets such as Tesco, but also faces the threat of Lidl as the discount store. In 2008, Tesco launched a new strategy that setting 34 discount brands across 350 categories and reduce its price to attract more customers to purchase products in Tesco in order to defend the price war of Aldi (Reuters, 2008). After that, the sales of Tesco has increased by 6.7 percent according to researchers TNS World panel reported (Reuters, 2008). Furthermore, Tesco possible offers great range of discount brands in the future, and negotiates with more suppliers to decrease the price of goods in order to gain more market share. Tesco has applied another strategy that it has opened 24 hours Tesco express to service for consumers to buy products in the evening, which also increase the sales of products in Tesco. Considering this situation, Tesco will be the core competitor for Aldi. Therefore, Aldi should pay more attention to Tescos development. Beside the competition of Tesco, Aldi also faces the strong competition from Lidl as one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe, because Lidl has almost the same target customers and similar sales strategy with Aldi. Moreover, possibly Lidl may enter into tourism in order to increase its competitiveness. Therefore, Lidl is the most powerful enemy for Aldi in the supermarket industry. Section 2: Capability Analysis Strategic capability Firstly, Aldi successfully saves the cost of hiring employees. In each shop, Aldi only employs less than six employees to work per day. Although few people work for Aldi, services for customers have never been later, for example, if there is a long queue waiting for checking out, a special ring is used to call other colleagues to open the other line. Furthermore, Aldi efficiently saves the cost of building up stores. Kumar (2006) states that â€Å"Another efficiency stems from the fact that Aldi sets up outlets on side streets in downtown areas and in suburbs, where real estate is relatively inexpensive. Since it uses small spaces, the companys start-up costs are low, which enables it to blanket markets: Aldi now owns 4,100 stores in Germany and 7,500 worldwide†. Aldi also presents other strategic capabilities which help it to successfully reach its goal. According to Kumar (2006), â€Å"Aldis stores display products on pallets rather than shelves in order to cut restocking time and save money†. In addition, consumers need to bring their bags or purchase bags while they are shopping in Aldis shops (Kumar, 2006). Section 3: Purpose The mission of Alid is to make prefect quality products available to its customers at the lowest possible price, and make its customers to enjoy the best for less. Furthermore, the objective of Aldi is to sell products that are popular with customers, made from the best possible ingredients and represent brilliant value for money. All of these are key considerations when deciding on the products that we offer. Corporate Social Responsibility Aldi is a responsible business, and they value both the trust and satisfaction of their customers. Aldi promise to delivering high quality products; not just in terms of safety and value, but also in terms of the social and ecological criteria involved in their production. Moreover, Aldi (2009) presents that â€Å"Aldi take their responsibilities as an international retailer seriously and they are active members of the Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI)†. Human Rights, Labour Standards, Environmental Protection and Fighting Corruption As a member of BSCI, all of the European operations of the Aldi South Group, including their suppliers, are committed to complete the principles of the BSCI code of conduct. According to Aldi (2009), â€Å"This code of conduct promotes compliance with local and national legislation and specifically prohibits: Child labour Forced labour and unlawful disciplinary measures Discrimination of any kind Excessive working hours Poor health and safety provisions Non-payment of minimum wage Infringements on freedom of association and collective bargaining rights Poor environmental protection practices Bribery and corruption.† Aldis membership of BSCI also promises it and its suppliers to the execution of an independent social auditing programme, set to international criteria. It aims to use this programme to normally examine its social performance and, together with its suppliers, it also aims to identify that the social conditions in its supply chain adhere to the highest possible standards. In addition to Aldi (2009) states that â€Å"Aldis membership of BSCI, Aldi is also committed to the following international standards: The fundamental principles, rights and working standards of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) The UN Declaration of Human Rights and the principles of the UN Global Compact†. Organisational Culture Aldis founders have strongly impacted on its culture, and its cultural rules and values reflect Aldis philosophy, guiding principles and business strategy. Furthermore, it is easy and clear for employees, managers and customers to understand the Aldi model that is the provision of low-price products with high quality. It is well-known that the aim of Aldi is to avoid unnecessary cost wherever possible, and urge employees and managers at all levels of the company are very cost conscious and greatly focus on to economic efficiency, because Aldi is not allowed to waste. For example, one of typical rules is that all of employees have to switch off lights in offices when there was enough daylight from outside. Therefore, the concept of ‘cost-watching extends into all areas of the value chain, including the development of new techniques for warehouse management or for the transport of goods. Beside pay more attention on economic efficiency, Aldi also aim to find small improvements in all aspects and to develop pleasure in achieving small successes. This culture of continual improvement is accompanied by a strong focus on the development and implementation of solutions. Aldi will try new ideas and solutions, rather than revealing detailed analysis, for example, new products are not subjected to detail market analyses, but are tested in three shops. If they are successful, meaning that they achieve a fast, pre-determined minimum turnover, they are introduced in all other shops. The organisational culture is strengthened by Aldis selection and recruitment approach. Managerial talent from inside the Aldi is carefully selected, developed and enhanced. Moreover, significant qualities for potential managers are a high attention on economic efficiency, fairness towards others, including suppliers, modesty, and reservation towards the public and the press. These behavioural characteristics are strengthened by job descriptions outlining clear goals and competencies. Aldi managers have always been employed in different parts of the organisation, including the shops and the warehouse. They have to understand how Aldi operates and have ingested the organisational culture. For example, area managers need to understand the structural and procedural factors of retail management, including store operations and trading rights, administration, logistics and property management when they go through a 12-month training project. The program is described as follows (Area Managers, 2005): â€Å"An important part of this program centres on Aldis management system, including its focus on economic efficiency. The first part of the training takes place in a store where future area managers take over the role of a store manager for several months. This ‘hands on approach aims to acquaint them with Aldis operations, but also its business philosophy and core values. During the second part of the training, future area managers work alongside experienced colleagues and learn about their role and responsibilities. This includes the tasks of recruitment, planning and organisation of the stores.† Section 4: Recommendations Since global economy in recession, the sales of Aldi in the UK have been dramatically increasing, because Aldi is selling the low-price products with high quality to customers who would like to spend little money for goods in order to safely spend this period. Although the sales of Aldi in the UK have been slightly grown, comparing with Tesco, the market shares of Aldi still not match. Firstly, Aldi need to invest in new product development. The core reason for that is Tesco has developed some of discount products for new target market in order to capture more market shares from Aldi. Therefore, Aldi need to develop more new discount products in order to against new strategy of Tesco, and also keep its competition in the UK market. In addition, it is highly possible to launch its private label to open new segment market. Based on this idea, Aldi may enhance its brand and increase its market shares in the UK. Otherwise, Aldi may directly sell its products to some of small retailers which like canteen in University campus or in the street of city centre. This possibly motivates the growth of sales of Aldis products. Aldis website also needs to be improved in order to attract more people to shop in Aldi. Reference Aldi, (2009), Available from: http://www.aldi.co.uk/index.htm [Accessed 1st July 2009] Area Managers, (2005), Available from: http://uk.aldi.com/recruitment/recruitment_2.html [Accessed 1st July 2009] Elliott, V. (2005) Nine-year BSE ban on older beef lifted http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article567064.ece [Accessed 20th July 2009] Kumar, N. (2006) Strategies to Fight Low-Cost Rivals, http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2006/12/strategies-to-fight-low-cost-rivals/ar/1 [Accessed 11th July 2009] Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press. REUTERS, (2008) Tesco takes on discounters with new low-cost range, http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLH54179620080917 [Accessed 3rd July 2009]

The Joys of Mediocrity :: Personal Narrative

The Joys of Mediocrity "Why do I look fat?" "Why is the shape of my face not proportional to my body?" "Why do I have so many pimples?" "Why is my nose that big?" You and I have, at some point, grumbled like this -- it could have happened last month, last week, or even just five minutes ago! We never forgave ourselves for those flaws in our physical structure called imperfections. Most of us strive to become the person of what fashion magazines, movies, or pop culture in general proclaim as the "ideal physique of man." The beau ideal meant good looks, prominence of height, well-toned bodies, and the like. Lacking in one or more of these qualities suggests that you aren't qualified to be with the elite who dominate the world because 'the world' considers them elegant and glamorous -- simply, they are 'perfect.' So we do what we can to prove them wrong. It's easy to see because it's everywhere around us. Ladies copy the latest fashion trend, while men attempt to look and act what they think is the 'in' thing. And there's always the beauty products and modern technology to work everything else out. No, nothing wrong with doing these -- every person has the right to do so. The question is "For what real purpose is it about?" Has society been so judgmental, so vainglorious that it casts its eyes down to anyone who doesn't meet their expectations? Do we have to punish ourselves-by not valuing time, money, and self-worth-for something only temporary? Imperfection is normal. No one escapes it-not even the most well-bred. We are only human. Or in a more philosophical sense perhaps we were meant to be created this way, to counterbalance what we have and what we don't have. When you closely look at it, imperfection is not such a big deal. It's what that's in you that truly counts. Does perfection even exist? Most of the greatest people that ever lived were recognized for their remarkable achievements, not for how they look like. And besides, if all in this world were perfect, nothing will be regarded with appreciation anymore. A flaw actually makes an object look more appealing and precious, because you see the finer features beneath.

Onhs Documentation

CHAPTER 1 1. The Problem and Its Background 2. 1 Introduction Enrollment serves as a vital part in the life of every student upon entering schools or universities, either public or in private. It gives students the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulates the entire body. Moreover, enrollment serves as the first experience of all students by which he/she takes part either individually or with company of a parent or some relatives.Enrollment is considered as the first step or procedure that must be done by old students within a particular institution before the semester per school year totally starts, but for those freshmen, or first year students (new students), they are obliged to usually take an admission test, to know and assess them the right course to engage to, followed by a scheduled interview in order to give them brief instructions and information about certain issues with regards to the school’s policies, institutional programs as well as persona l information, health, economic status, so on and so forth.Good enrollment is always an asset in a school, pertaining to fast payment, assessment procedures, and easy transactions with a high rate of accuracy. Therefore, good enrollment within the schools, if present, can be described as civilize, organize, accurate and professional. Enrollment has always been a difficult task, but it is more so today than ever before, where administrators uses the traditional way of filing records on a cabinet.Schools, like any other organization used to manage all sorts of data and information to ensure attainment of its goals and objectives. The emerging needs in most schools for accurate and relevant data and reliable information strengthen the Student Information System. As the population of the students goes up, it is becoming more complex. Data should be stored in safer places, and can be retrieved easily and fast when someone needs it.Administrator’s task has becoming more complex, th ere have been efforts to improve the effectiveness of problem solving and central to this are quantitative techniques and electronic devices such as computers. This study aims to come up with an enrollment system and grades management with short message service system for a high school which also includes information pertinent data such as name, year, section, etc. This system is design for the use of the staff to enable them to produce information required by different people.It will make the work of faculty and staff faster, easier and more comprehensive. The system will also store the data of the students. For the future researchers, this study could be used for their reference in having an enrollment system and grades management with SMS System if the future researchers would like to formulate a system such as this. 2. 2 The Background of the Study Orani National High School (ONHS) is located at Kawayan, Orani, Bataan, it was established through the Sangguniang Panlalawigan Reso lution No. 41. ONHS campus started to operate three years before its House Bill No. 1425 was approved as Republic Act No. 8419 on November 27, 1997. ONHS is composed of (1864) one thousand eight hundred sixty four students. Five hundred forty (540) are first year, four hundred sixty three (463) are second year, four hundred thirty two (432) are third year and four hundred twenty nine (429) are seniors or graduating. The school has sixty six (66) teaching and non-teaching staff.Fifty three (53) teaching personnel are regular permanent and are nationally funded. Five are contractual, funded by the Provincial School Board of Bataan and the Local School Board of Orani. The non-teaching personnel is composed of three (3) Department Heads, one (1) Disbursing Officer who are regular and permanent and five (5) contractual support personnel funded by the Provincial School Board of Bataan and Local School Board of Orani.All teachers passed the Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET ) and Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) with Master of Arts in progress and are teaching their own major or field of specialization. The faculty, staff, students and parents of this school are caring people, who share one vision and one mission and who continuously strive to make ONHS a caring school system in Orani where every learner is Maka-Diyos, Maka-kalikasan, Maka-tao and Maka-Bansa; and make every student understand, do and enjoy what they have learned by being role models.Their enrollment is being done manually by the registrar and when the enrollment start the registrar will have a hard time to enroll the student in their current enrollment system, they found that using a manual process is hard to handle such as collection of records like storing, finding, sorting and securing of records particularly if this stored only in one room and in a limited space. It will be a big hassle for the registrar and the student when or if ever their going to get data or information .In this new system it will be easy for them to enroll and to get data or information from the registrar and also enable the registrar to easily produce information required by the different people in the school. 2. 3 Statement of the Problem 2. 4. 1 General Problem How to design, develop and implement an Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System for Orani National High School that would help the enrollment and grading process? 2. 4. 2 Specific Problems * Difficult data manipulation * The present way of enrollment and grading system is time consuming * There is no data retrieval of lost file There is no standard format when printing of grades * Difficult parental updates of the students * Security 2. 4 Objective of the Study 2. 5. 3 General Objective To be able to design, develop and implement an Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System for Orani National High School. 2. 5. 4 Specific Objective * To develop an information system tha t has the ability to manipulate data accurately. * To develop an information system that will lessen the workload, time, human resource and provides accurate  information  needed in an information system. * To develop a system that has the ability to protect the files. The proposed system will be having a standard printing format for the data. * To develop an information system that has parental updates. * For security purpose. 2. 5 Significance of the Study Due to the increasing students of Orani National High School, this study helped the school regarding their enrollment transactions. The proposed system aimed to benefit the school in their enrollment facilities such as maintaining the files, assessment of fees and especially the enrollment itself. The proposed system aimed to benefit the following: The School The main beneficiary of the study is Orani National High School.ONHS would be adapting the new innovation of technology through C# programming language that will make t heir work with optimum performance. The developed system will compensate the flaws and problems that the school is encountering. Registrar With regards to the registrar’s office the proposed system will help the school in maintaining the data of the students and the school will not use the manual data gathering. ONHS will just need to check the database for the records needed. Students The students will benefit by means of not having a hard time in falling in line and waiting for their turn to register. ProponentsThe proponents would also be a beneficiary of the study since the proponents would value the importance of enhancing their skills and work performance while grasping knowledge throughout the study. Future Researchers For the future researchers, this study could be used for their reference in having an enrollment system if the future researchers would like to formulate a system such as this. 2. 6 Scope and Limitation The system will have the following features: * File Management * Students Master List * Grades Management * Generation of Reports * Student’s records report * Student’s grades report * Enrollment Process SMS function * Security However, the system will have the following limitations: * Enrollment Reservation * The SMS function is only available only during class hours between 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. * The SMS function cannot be used if the prepaid kit doesn’t have enough loads to send information. 2. 7 Conceptual Framework ONHS Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System Of Orani National High School ONHS Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System Of Orani National High School ONHS System Students Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS ONHS SystemStudents Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Students Information Users Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Students Information Users Information Students Grades Announcements through SMS Output Output Input Input Process Process Figure 1. 1 Conceptual Frame Work 2. 8 Definition of Terms System- Any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. Software-  a collection of computer programs and related data that provide instructions on telling the computer what to do and how to do it.Database- a system intended to organize, store and retrieve large amount of data easily. Program- (also a software program) is a set of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. Installation- (or setup) of a program (includes drivers, plugins, etc. ) is the act of putting the program onto a computer system so that it can be executed. Xampp- is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages.My sql- MySQL is a relation database management system (RDBMS) which has more than 6 million installations. MySQL stands for â€Å"My Structured Query Language†. The program runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. Significance-This is the importance of the study which is a quality of suggestiveness and expressiveness. CHAPTER 2 2. 0Review of Related Literature and Studies This section presents the writing of different facts and principles conducted by the proponents during the research, which have relevant to the study.It involves quotation of the author of the books and reference materials that may serve as the basis for sorting out and solving some problems that may be encountered in the development of the proposed study. 2. 1 Foreign Literature This portion presents a review of several literatures that would be beneficial to the study summarized from previous writings, showing detailed facts asserted by few people and pioneer in the field of com puter industry. On this element of study some reviews of the proponents and author’s passage in order to help the proponents to find ways in contact with the problem that have been encountered.Success of SMS The proposed system has an SMS function. An SMS is intended only for short messaging. It is limited but very convenient to use. Even if it’s limitation, The SMS industry or Telecommunication industry is one of the most successful business ventures in the world. This was proved in the book of Brian Retford and Jordan Schwartz entitled â€Å"How to Build an SMS Service†. â€Å"SMS, or Short Message Service, is rapidly emerging as a multibillion dollar a year industry. A leading research firm reports that consumer spending on mobile services represents a $140 billion opportunity worldwide, with person-to-person SMS making up half f that. Portio Research reported that there were 946 billion SMSs sent in 2006. Clearly, the medium has hit the mainstream. To suppo rt the first statement, there is also an article regarding about the success of the SMS which is entitled â€Å"Future of SMS† by Ronald J. de Lange, Executive Vice President, Global Product Solutions, Tekelec. â€Å"SMS has been the most successful non-voice service for mobile operators in the history of telecommunications and, as such, has been a key revenue generator.Every year stories of the demise of this 160-character service are thick in the air, and every year SMS usage continues to grow as more uses are found for this once ignored service. The key to the success of SMS has been its simplicity, reach, price and reliability. All other messaging based applications launched since SMS have struggled to meet the lofty expectations set by the service and pale in comparison to its success. Industry-related reports point to a future in which SMS volumes and revenue will continue to grow on a global basis for at least the next three years. So what is going to drive this level of growth?In short, several trends will drive the continued expansion of the service. † The researcher believed that the existence of SMS is a big help in terms of convenient way of communication. Importance of Computers in the Business Today, our generation is considered as a computer age. There is no place in the world without Computers. Computers, Internet, Facebook are now considered part of our lives. Even in the school, Computers give us a lot of benefits especially in the business. Computers can provide a business a fast, reliable, systematized and organized way of giving services.This was proved in the research article of Alexis Writing entitled â€Å"What Are the Advantages of Computers in Business†. â€Å"Computers have tremendously improved the way businesses operate in their respective industries. Technology has advanced so remarkably that those who are not using computers in their business are at a major disadvantage against their competitors. In particul ar, there are several important advantages that computers can provide to small businesses. Organization Computers allow the application of different types of software that can help businesses keep track of their files, documents, schedules and deadlines.Computers also allow businesses to organize all of their information in a very accessible manner. The ability to store large amounts of data on a computer is convenient and inexpensive, and saves space. A computer's ability to allow a company to organize its files efficiently leads to better time management and productivity. Self-Sufficiency Computers have made staff and companies more self-sufficient by allowing them to do tasks that previously had to be outsourced. For example, a company can now use office software to create their own training material.Desktop publishing software can be used to create marketing materials. Online tax and accounting programs allow companies to prepare their own taxes. This allows the dominant operati ons of a company to remain in-house and empowers the company to become more independent and less susceptible to errors committed by outside parties. Cost-Effective Emerging technology makes new tools and services more affordable and allows companies to save on their staff payroll and office equipment. Because computers allow work to be done faster and more efficiently, it is possible for a company to hire fewer staff.In addition, with networked and relatively inexpensive computers, companies can store data more easily, saving on the cost of outside file storage, and can avoid having to purchase as many copiers, fax machines, typewriters, and other such items that were used before computers became popular. Correspondingly, potentially profitable businesses can be started with a smaller overhead cost. Email capabilities decrease postage costs; software applications reduce the need for large accounting departments, while videoconferencing reduces the need for travel.All resources saved will trickle down to the consumers, who are then provided with much more affordable products and service. Speed Computers help speed up other business operations. The collecting of consumer feedback, ordering of raw materials, and inspection of products is made quicker through the use of computers, allowing companies to operate much faster and to produce better quality results. Sales Computers can help generate higher sales and profits for businesses via a company website. Many businesses now operate online and around the clock to allow customers from around the world to shop for their products and services. 2. 2 Foreign Studies Short Message Service || SMS SMS can be used for a variety of uses in conjunction with mobile prepay including notification of low balance and balance inquiry, short codes used in conjunction with prepaid roaming, and even SMS itself can be provided on a prepaid basis by the mobile network operator. When used in conjunction with the SIM Toolkit, SMS can be used as the vehicle for a variety of secure transaction-oriented services such as mobile banking; news alerts, product alerts, updated sports information, job alerts, and SMS aided utility services and so on.According to the study AN SMS AND WEB-BASED TRAFFIC CASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH by Sangeet Saha, August 2006, â€Å"The Traffic Police can use this SMS to know the case information, vehicle information and driver information. When the traffic police want to know this information then they will just send an SMS to a particular number. Then they will receive an SMS which contains all the information that they want to know. Thus this will help the traffic police in many ways. They can easily gather information through an SMS. Their SMS system will work when the police send an SMS using this format than this SMS will go to the central database and run the query. After getting the result, server will return an SMS to the police about the information. If no result found that it will also return an SMS of no result. In this the SMS for traffic, the police will send only the car license number. And the result will contain it’s case number, offender’s name, date of offence, date of presence to the station and the papers name that are captured.In the published thesis of Yu Loon Ng, SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) SECURITY SOLUTION FOR MOBILE DEVICES, December 2006, â€Å"This thesis focuses on the security of Short Message Service (SMS) and the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) network, and the use of encryption to protect SMS messages. A detailed study of the GSM network, the SMS protocol and various encryption schemes was conducted to understand the properties of different encryption schemes and their applicability to SMS messages. An experiment was conducted to measure the actual performance of various encryption schemes on a modern smart phone.An analysis of the encryption scheme properties and the performance measurement was then conducted to select a suitable scheme for SMS encryption. The selected scheme was implemented in the form of a Secure SMS Chat application to validate the viability of the selected encryption scheme. Potential applications of secure SMS in military settings are also discussed. † Their thesis focuses on the use of encryption to secure SMS messages. The encryption requirements of voice traffic and other data traffic will not be discussed.The characteristics of different encryption schemes and their performance on a modern mobile device are presented. The properties of SMS were assessed with respect to their impact on encryption selection. Based on the measurement results, a suitable encryption scheme for SMS is selected, and deployed. A typical application is used to validate the selection. 2. 3 Local Studies Enrollment System The proponents primarily choose the topic regarding about enrollment is because this will give a lot of benefits to many, most especially to the students , teachers and of course the school.The other reason is because it has abundant resources that can help the proponents on developing the project. To improve the existing enrollment system our proposed system will be using the most efficient, fast and reliable machine that is widely used around the world which is computers. In the unpublished thesis of Computer Based Enrollment Information System for St. Mary's College of Meycauayan by Joseph Bernard Reyes, May 2002 it is mentioned that â€Å"One cannot deny the fact that the computer has become a tool that is shaping almost every facet of life.It is used by the government, military, big businesses, in homes and of course in schools. This is especially true in highly industrialized countries like United States, Japan and England. Moreover, the expanding application of computers in education and in business organization has prompted leaders and managers to find ways on how to use the computer to make their operations more efficient. They are be used to enhance performance and efficiency and this makes them very valuable tools for most learning institution in the Philippines†. The existing enrollment system of the school ONHS is using manual filing system.Nowadays almost all Universities, Colleges and Private Schools are using Computerized Enrollment System, that’s why the respondents agreed that it is time for the school to change and upgrade their enrollment system. Enrollment is considered as the first step or procedure that must be done by the students within a particular institute. It gives students the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulates the entire body. Moreover, enrollment serves as the first experience of all students by which he/she takes part either individually or with company of a parent or some relatives.According to the study of Computer Based Enrollment Information System for St. Mary's College of Meycauayon, â€Å"Enrollment is the start of the relationshi p between the school and the students. Enrollment is one of the most important functions in any learning institution because it is the actual start of the interaction between the school and the students. † Moreover our proposed system aims to improve the Enrollment system of the school. The proponents want to help not only the students, teachers, the school but of course the development of the technology in our country.Short Message Service The proposed system offers not only Enrollment and Grading System but also an SMS or Short Message Service capability as well. The reason why the proponents came up on adding an SMS feature on the system is because aside from the internet, SMS is the best way to communicate with other people. According to the study â€Å"Tri Sensor Microcontroller Based Intelligent Monitoring System w/ SMS Transmission and Reception† by De Vera, Joy S. , Malixi, Jaime Jr. , Palisoc Aira, Purugganan, Leah S. , and Sarinas, Angolito Salvodor, Aug 20 20 03. SMS is a globally accepted wireless service that enables the alphanumeric messages between mobile subscribers and external system. It is characterized by out-of-bound packet delivery and low bandwidth message transfer, which results in a highly efficient means for transmitting short bursts of data. † The proponents will use the SMS to communicate with the parents or guardians of the students. The system’s SMS function will be the formal way of the school to communicate with the parents. According again to the study, â€Å"Communication is one important factor in life. It is the process of passing information of what is happening.Today, one medium we are currently incorporating is SMS / Text Messaging. In SMS messaging, information is sent effectively and fast. † The proponents therefor conclude that an SMS function on a system will be a big help on improving the current system of the School. Short Message Service, means of Communication Cellular Phones have b een a world-wide craze today. It plays an important role in everyone’s life. It helps us communicate and to be in touch with our love ones. One reason why all of us consider cellular phone a necessity is because of its SMS or short message service.In the Philippines there are many Telecommunications Company are offering a lot of affordable texting/SMS offers. According to the Study Microcontroller based SMS Micro E-load Vending machine by Cu, Joshua C. and Uy, Jeckson T. , August, 2006. â€Å"Cellular  communication can help us locate and be in touch with another person in a remote location. Since the Philippines being a developing country 33% of our population is under poverty (Senate Economic Planning Office, 2005). Wireless Telecommunications Company offered prepaid loading option that is highly suitable in the Philippine setting.Subscribers purchase consumable credits for  their account in present denominations. † In the statement above, it only shows how the S MS is widely used in our country. SMS or texting is considered not only for fun, it is considered today as a necessity. CHAPTER 3 3. 0 Methodology 3. 1Research Design Tools 4. 1. 1 Data Gathering Techniques Used Every  data  to  be  gathered  has  a  proof  from  the  respondents. Proponents interact on different participants which works are related to the design proposal, to gather relevant data from them. Directress was the overall head of enrollment system of Orani National High School.She deals with student’s evaluation and also has a list of copy of students enrolled. By  interview  and  observations,  proponents  will  know  current processes regarding enrollment activities. On the other hand, registrar department manages master list of the students  (new,  transferee,  old). The  department  was  also  assign  in sectioning of the students. By the use of this information, proponents will gather data about sectioning. In addition to that, selected parents and students will be an important participant since they are the main beneficiary of the design proposal.With the aid of surveys and sets of questionnaires about enrollment procedures, proponents will know problems regarding existing Enrollment System. Sources of Information a. Interviews which were conducted on the person involved in the Enrollment system to have a better understanding on how the current system works. b. Communication letters which were used by the proponents for request for permission to implement the study with the approval of the school. c. Other Sources of information are school documents provided by the school which contains information.Instruments Used  in the Survey, Sample Questionnaires, Interview  Questions, Communication Letters The following personnel are vital to how the system operates in which the proponents have selected to ask questions about how the current system works. a. School Registrar * Provided an ove rview of the system * Questions are imposed by asking general to specific questions b. Teacher aiding enrollment every year * Explained about further details of their system * Questions are raised from specific questions going to a more general one 4. 1. 2 Consolidated Findings, Analysis of Information Gathered, Summary  of  Information a.Summary of Information Information gathered through school documents is insufficient for the handbook only gives the history of the  school however in the interview the proponents found out that the student files are not secured from unauthorized personnel, data loss and inconsistency for the  it is  manual and only placed on a cabinet. 4. 1 Research Design The  proponents  adopt  descriptive  study,  and  used  quantitative approach in attaining relevant ideas that will involve in design proposal. In this  scheme,  proponents  ask  information  in  detailed  questions  regarding what they observed in actual to the school.They also adopt quantitative approach of  study which observed particularly in numbers. This will  give way to use the method where in data are manipulated by means of  getting only  sample that can represent a  whole. A  good  instance  is  an enrollment system wherein student’s population is much involved. By getting some portion in the population of students in every year level, they can achieve data by means of average answers. 4. 2 Instrument used in Study a. Interview Sheets Provide set of questions done by interviewer to be answer by selected respondents.Different  kinds  of  questions  are  indicated  seeing  as  that proponents interviewed several kinds of personnel involve in the system. The following  are  directress,  registrar  and  teachers  since they are much involved in enrollment activities of ONHS. b. Gantt Chart Gantt chart is a graphical representation of the duration of task against the  progr ession  of  time. It  is  a  useful  tool  for planning  and  scheduling projects. Proponents used Gantt chart in order to them to monitor allotted time for the project. 4. 3 System Development Paradigm Employed Verification Verification Testing ; quality assurance Testing ; quality assuranceMaintenance Maintenance Verify Verify Planning Planning Conceptualization Conceptualization Design Design Development Development Implementation Implementation Initiate Project Initiate Project Design Review Design Review Design Approval Design Approval System development System development Product Process Iteration Figure 3. 2 Waterfall model The proponents preferred to use the waterfall model, because the waterfall model is a sequential software development process, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through each phases. Progress flows from the top to the bottom, like a waterfall.This model represents the software development life cycle using processes, i nput and output. Each process transforms an input to produce a new product as output. Then the new product becomes the input of the next process. 4. 4 SYSTEM MODELS 3. 5. 1Data Flow Diagram of the Existing System Figure 3. 3 Existing Enrollment System Diagram Figure 3. 4 Existing Grades Management Diagram 3. 5. 2Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System Figure 3. 5 Enrollment and Grades Management System with SMS Diagram BdayYear BdayYear BdayDay BdayDay BdayMonth BdayMonth 3. 5. 2Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) of the Proposed System LastnameLastname Firstname Firstname School Year School Year ID ID Sections Sections Has Has Third Year Third Year Second Year Second Year Fourth Year Fourth Year First Year First Year Year Level Year Level Enrollment Enrollment Enrols Enrols Student Student ID ID Middlename Middlename Guardian Guardian Contact Number Contact Number Section Section ID ID Year Year Date Enrolled Date Enrolled 3. 6 Programming Languages/ Database Used The proposed syste m used C# for the object-oriented programming method. The database used is MySQL due to its flexibility and open-source nature.Visual C# C# (pronounced â€Å"C sharp†) is a programming language that is designed for building a variety of applications that run on the . NET Framework. C# is simple, powerful, type-safe, and object-oriented. The many innovations in C# enable rapid application development while retaining the expressiveness and elegance of C-style languages. Visual C# is an implementation of the C# language  by Microsoft. Visual Studio supports Visual C#  with a full-featured code editor, compiler, project templates, designers, code wizards, a powerful and easy-to-use debugger, and other tools.The . NET Framework class library provides access to many operating system services and other useful, well-designed classes that speed up the development cycle significantly. MySQL The most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. XAMPP A  free and open source  cross-platform  web server  solution stack  package, consisting mainly of the  Apache HTTP Server,  MySQL  database, and  interpreters  for scripts written in the  PHP  and  Perl  programming languages. 3. 7 Feasibility StudyA feasibility study is made to ensure that the project to be implemented has benefits rather than costs or if the project will earn more benefits than before. 3. 8. 1 Economic Feasibility- Cost-Benefit Analysis Development Cost The major cost of the project’s development went to the transportation to the school and the documentation (all the print puts and final book bind) of the project. Transportation-500++ Documentation-1000++ Project Cost Because the proponent agreed to create and maintain the project for free the only cost there will be is prepaid kit for the SMS functions. Prepaid Kit-1200Intangible Benefits * The schools would require less supplies needed in their existing enrollment and grades management (bond papers, pens, folders, envelops, etc. ) because they can use the proposed system without using such papers and pens * Because it is a computerized system, the school will be easier to come across in the enrolment and grading process. * The parents or guardians of students, of the school can be updated because of the SMS that will send a grades of student and important announcement of the school. CHAPTER IV 4. 0Implementation and Evaluation 4. 1Implementation 4. 2EvaluationName: | Date:| School / Organization| Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service Systemof Orani National High SchoolCheck the box which best matches your opinions:1-strongly disagree -5-strongly agree| Questions:| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 1. Is our system proposal user-friendly? | | | | | | 2. Is our system proposal can completely replace your existing system? | | | | | | 3. Is our system proposal can resolve some of the issues regarding your enrollment and grades management system? | | | | | | 4. Do you agree with the added SMS feature in the system proposal? | | | | | | 5.Is the system proposal reduces your working time? | | | | | | Please provide any other comments in the text below: Signature over Printed Name CHAPTER V 5. 0Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 5. 1Summary Orani National High School is a public school in Orani, Bataan. Based on the investigations conducted, the school uses the traditional manual enrollment system. Data and information were kept on a filing cabinet, which finds difficulty and time consuming in retrieving the documents when needed. Grades were also kept by the present teacher of the students, which has no assurance of safe keeping.It also takes a long time to process grades, lists of students, and correction of entries. During the first day of school, the student finds it hard to locate their names in a list posted on the doors of the classroom. Because of this, we are proposing the Enrollment a nd Grades Management with SMS System. This software has the ability to keep student’s records in a single database. This system can be the solution to some of the problems encountered by the school as defined previously. It is recommended to the school to provide a computer where we can install the system.And also, a committee which can be headed by some teacher must be organized to operate the system. This software can be acquired in a very minimal cost. Free seminars and trainings will be given to the person who will operate the system, and manuals will be provided. Some of the benefits that can be acquired in this system were: * easy correction of entries * effective and efficient production of data * grades can be kept in a database for future use * upon enrollment, students can immediately know their designated sections * will lessen the workloads of the teachers and staff * effective enrollment processingThis proposed system is guaranteed to use, and will not be useless . Alternative solutions should be considered to make their enrollment system improved and progressive. 5. 2Conclusion Based on the observations that the team conducted during the interview, we found out that on the manual system that the school is presently using, information and records were not kept accordingly that causes lost of important papers and documents. The student’s Form-137 was kept by the present teacher of the student as well as birth certificate or baptismal certificate, which has no assurance of safety keeping.Another problem identified is when the entries of names in the student’s lists are not updated, where some are complaining when records are incorrect if someone needs the documents. One respondent said that lists of classes were not produced immediately upon the start of the school year, that’s why it takes 2 to 3 days to know what the student’s section. By gathering sufficient information through research, and interview the propone nts were able to develop a system that would help Orani National High School for the enrollment process. The system also eased ONHS from the risks and errors that are involved with their existing system.The development of an enrollment system requires an understanding and an analysis of the existing system of the problems, requirements, and specifications that the school laid out. It also required ample amount of preparation that involves conducting interviews, obtaining necessary information through research, and coming up with a resolution for the requirements of the school. 5. 3Recommendation Because of the problems encountered by  Orani National High  School, we recommend to the administration to have an Enrollment system that is useful in many ways, and that is the computerized enrollment system.An Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System that has the ability to store students information, to compute grades fast and easy and that can easily be retr ieved and printed when needed. This enrollment system also can be able to make corrections of entry easily and fast. Through this, we can be sure that all the information will be kept in a single database so that we can minimize some problems like loss of records.It is recommended to the  Orani National High  School that the detailed specification and implementation of the system would ensue as long as the administration approved the Enrollment and Grades Management with Short Message Service System. * Provide a computerized enrollment system that has the ability to track records, make corrections and that can generate data fast and effective. *   Provide a system that can secure all the information and record of the students. *   Provide software that will lessen the workloads of the teachers and the administration. * To have a system that can give the students a successful enrollment system.

Early Intervention And Benefits Social Work Essay Essay Example

Early Intervention And Benefits Social Work Essay Essay Example Early Intervention And Benefits Social Work Essay Essay Early Intervention And Benefits Social Work Essay Essay A definition of Early Intervention can be to prosecute in childrens and immature peoples life at the earliest possible phase, irrespective the fact that a job has already emerged or non, utilizing mainstream/ universal or targeted/ specializer services. In the first topographic point, Early Intervention programmes provide and support kids and immature people with appropriate equipment ( societal, emotional, physical ) to get down or go on their life with the best opportunities going better parents in the hereafter, for illustration Childrens Centre for Early Years, SEAL and PATH programmes in Primary school, Life Skill Training programmes in Secondary schools. In the 2nd topographic point, Early Intervention programmes provide support every bit shortly as there is grounds that a kid is or may be in demand, so the state of affairs demand to be resolved at the earliest possible forestalling more injury. For illustration, Safer Families Project where domestic maltreatment and struggles are present in the household without making the societal attention intercession threshold, Family Nurse Partnership provided to the first clip female parents run intoing the standard, Functional Family Therapy for immature people with early symptoms of behavior upsets. The programmes can be offered to either all kids or targeted 1s. Early Intervention does non mention merely to Early Old ages as childrens and immature peoples demands may happen during several phases in their life, for illustration during passage or transportation from the primary to secondary scenes, after a hard and life altering state of affairs like a decease of a parent or teenage gestation. Harmonizing to the literature, Early Intervention provides good results to kids, household and community ; maximizes the kids and familys opportunities for success, provides enduring benefits in childrens life, prevents relentless societal jobs, societal exclusion and damaging parenting and is cost-efficient with long term public nest eggs ( Allen, 2011, Pithouse 2007, Barnes and Freude-Lagevardi 2002 ; Early Intervention: Procuring good results for all kids and immature people, 2010 ) . In a sense it is about aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"break in a causal chainaa‚ ¬A? ( Pithouse, 2007 ) , and we can accomplish this by doing kids ready for school, ready for secondary school and ready for life ( Allen, 2011 ; Allen and Smith 2008 ) . It is, besides, mentioned in Support and Aspiration: A new attack to particular educational demands and disablement ( 2011 ) that cardinal facets for childrens future success are the early designation of a job and timely battle and support. Furthermore, i ndependent reappraisals ( Munro 2011, Field 2011, Allen 2011, Tickell 2011 ) have concluded that it is of import to supply support at the earliest possible chance so as to better a childs life. Even if a job appears subsequently than early old ages, early intercession means to cover with the jobs every bit shortly as possible. Factors for effectual Early Intervention Harmonizing to Doyle et Al ( 2007 ) quality, dose ( strength ) , clocking, service orientation, differentiated benefits ( able to acknowledge hazards and reference childrens multiple jobs ) and continuity of support ( long lasting ) are basic factors doing Early Intervention programmes effectual. Pithouse ( 2007 ) adds to this list that Early Intervention programmes need to be preventive, protective, holistic, flexible, no stigmatizing and able to construct trust and supply long term good results. Holistic Considering Early Intervention, we need to take into history kids and immature peoples context that is household and community. For illustration, in several instances, school attending and behavior are connected to issues related to household, school and community factors like parents/ carers out of employment, immature carers, looked after kids, high rate of community offense or pack activity. There are small opportunities to make our results, if we try to decide attending and promptness concerns in one dimension excluding the multidimensional facet of the job. Harmonizing to Taylors recommendation ( 2012 ) for bettering overall school attending, we need to concentrate on and place vulnerable students since primary school old ages ( even nursery and response ) , who raise concern and support parents who fail to acquire their kid to school on a regular basis. Harmonizing to the Government ( Gove, 2012 ) , the chief construct is to acquire pupils into good wonts of attending from an early age ; which along with promptness are of import accomplishments for their future professional life and benchmarks to maximize the chances to accomplish their possible. Long Lasting In Early Intervention: Following Steps ( Allen, 2011 ) , a figure of programmes are presented which have been evaluated by specific criterions and selected by their effectivity and cost effectivity. Still there is work to be done to better, measure and use them to national degree. In general, sing early intercession we need to wait for the long term effects to be present. For illustration, as Pithouse ( 2007 ) mentions the effectivity of Certain Start pre-school programmes can non be evaluated as the Government will replace them with Childrens Centre services. It is, though, of import support to be provided after the intercession phase is completed to keep the benefits and positive results ( Doyle, 2007 ) . Preventive Harmonizing to Pithouse ( 2007 ) , bar is better than remedy. It is good stated in Allen ( 2011 ) , that English policies have funded 1000000s in ulterior intercession ; nevertheless early intercession is cost effectual with wage offs. It is besides summarized in Making Sense of Early Intervention: A Framework for Professionals ( Centre of Social Justice, 2011 ) that there is a demand of committedness to bar. Clocking Furthermore, step ining early to childrens life provide better benefits in long term. Sing Early Old ages, early childhood is a cardinal period for cognitive, encephalon and emotional development and if issues are non resolved during early old ages so subsequently efforts are less likely to win ( Allen and Smith, 2008 ) . However, Government may be somewhat oriented to Early Old ages ( Her Majestys Treasury et al. , 2006 ) we need to concentrate and prosecute early in childrens life and all professionals working with kids, immature people and households need to be able to detect the early marks of a job and be adequately trained either to supply support or mention the instance. As reference above, within the thought of early intercession, multi-agency working is most of the times needed to turn to and place demands, to implement schemes and supply support to child and his household. The schemes of the early intercession implemented in each state, though impacting each other and based on same demands for kids ( unwellness, mental wellness, household, pre-school support, attainment ) are portion of the public assistance system and defined by economic and cultural factors. There are for illustration the cosmopolitan systems and the more targeted systems, differing on the physical and ideological nature of proviso. The history and civilization of the state and the definitions of normalcy, for illustration the construction of the childhood, the significance of a good citizen define the schemes that take topographic point and the marks that need to be met ( we intervene in a kids and immature individuals life to supply support and steer them to a better hereafter harmonizing to the societys criterions ) One of the inquiries rise is after the acknowledgment of hazards and jobs how we can measure the deepness and the immense of the job placing the kid and the services we need to supply, and how we select the kid, harmonizing to which choice standards, is he/she the right individual or they are the 1s asked for the programmes? For illustration, in a school environment a kid being polite and rather may steal through the net ; when there are jobs we need to do professional determinations following the criterions put by the school, community, authorities. Following, by the strength of the proviso ; it will be a long term or short intercession? Besides, we need to take into history the timing of the intercession and whether a proposed intercession is executable in a communitys context and nature. Another, basic inquiry is about the quality of the programme and how flexible it can be. As we talk about persons demands, the targeted programmes need to be every bit personalised as possible to run into the kids demands. From my position, it can non be one programmes fits all. Taking into history, the school community, with a little figure of 700 pupils, and 100 pupils with attending concerns ; it happened to hold 50 different personal attending program for each of them as each one had specific demands. How executable is that to go on nationally ( Education and Health program ) ; nevertheless, clip and resource devouring it is little units may worth using identified action and advancement programs. Check QUALITY. Sing the long permanent consequence it is difficult to hold a general yes reply as we have narrow tests, but we can utilize the illustration of US Head Start pre-school. Finally, as we have already reference, a programme demand to be holistic taking into history the kids demands, physical, emotional, societal development, strengths and failings and, besides, taking into history household and community facets. Sometimes people having targeted services feel stigmatised and it is better these services to be provided universally, nevertheless it may be dearly-won. Now, if we invest in early old ages so less and less targeted services will be used in the hereafter. We can detect the authoritiess aspiration to back up households through undertakings like Safer Families, Family Focus, Childrens Centres ( support to parents ) , and Family Nurse Partnership etc. Furthermore, the new CAF Easts to a whole household attack instead than child one. Finally an of import factor is trust and good relationship, shared determination devising and cultural background so kids and households can trust on the professional ( see besides the paper of the position of immature people ) Harmonizing to Pithouse, there is positive grounds for little advanced programmes sing short and intermediate results for kid wellness, safety and well-being and for parent self-pride, parenting and parent employment. There besides the undermentioned inquiries to be asked ( 1 ) Who does What, when, where, with whom and how we guarantee that it happens ( 2 ) how we disperse the available resources and dispose them to hold the desired impact ( 3 ) are we looking for short term, intercede or long term benefits ( 4 ) decide which of the schemes in what clip were effectual and successful. As early intercession is a many-sided attack Finally, we need to take into history the relationship between universal/ mainstream and targeted services and the relationship between information engineering and frontline workers. As the force per unit area on professionals is increasing to run into marks and supply good results, there can be challenges in the relationship between universal and specializer services. For illustration, cosmopolitan services claim that due to resources they can supply standardise and brief services nevertheless they could supply more if they have the appropriate resources and work force, which prefer to be employed by the targeted services. At the terminal, kids return to mainstream after the targeted services, nevertheless there is demand to prolong balance and mutualness between mainstream and targeted services to prolong the additions from the proviso. Regulatory model of appraisal processs, prosodies and timelines, electronic monitoring, information sharing claim their capacity to assist us respond early, fleetly and transparently nevertheless is early intercession applied? Can early intercession be delivered in forepart of a computing machine instead than by front line workers? Is information making the forepart line practicians or corsets in a cringle for managerial facets? Can complex human jobs be identified by computing machines? Are all practicians accessing computing machines to portion their information? Who is accessing the information, is household under surveillance? The benefit is that early demands may so be identified early and we can supervise if services are reacting. We can look into if services were seasonably and commensurate nevertheless we can non look into if intercession met a set of human brushs. Emerging Paradigm As we have already mentioned, early intercession demands to see childrens aa‚ ¬ household community results. For illustration, we can non better a kids attending when he is a immature carer with one parent on drugs without any proviso provided signifier the community ; for every action taken we need to take into history this childs context. France and Utting ( 2005 ) , proposed a more flexible and multi layered attack based on hazard and bar focused intercession. Our purpose is to minimise and cut down hazards factors and incidents of future jobs via schemes that support and protect kids. We need to advance resiliency to kids through beef uping the bonds among kids, household, school and community and honoring positive behaviors. The challenges of this attack are the timing, procedure and scene of the schemes and besides the closeting, continuance and strength. In the UK, work is under advancement so this programme has cosmopolitan and effectual facet as schemes have been taken nationally ( ten old ages program to better and advance services aa‚ ¬ Every Child Matters, Department of Health and Department of Education and Skills 2004 ) , regionally ( multi-agency joined up working and partnership for childrens services ) and locally ( community based kids services, drawn-out school, household focal point and support ) . From the above enterprises we need to wait to see if there is grounds of benefits cut downing kids bad luck. For illustration the enterprise for extended kid attention helps mother to acquire back to work. However, is that a good benefit or immature kids miss fond regard? Intervention programmes so far are based on UK and US surveies, nevertheless we need to hold clear cogent evidence of what work in there will be a new policy. ( Allen, 2011 ) . It may be politically and morally uncomfortable to wait but it is better to hold confidence instead than premise of benefits. From a professionals point of position, early intercession is effectual and provides benefits, nevertheless from a users point of position early intercession can be thought as invasive ( justified by all when pressing protection is needed ) , uneffective and uneconomical, for illustrations when benefits are non immediate, harmful, as users can be stigmatised and expensive, sing this money to be provided in a different pressing service. For illustration, pupils feel ashamed when parents come to school to discourse concerns and there are illustrations of parents declining to come due to non be stigmatised that there is a job. Another illustration, from our Drawn-out School is that parents are loath to prosecute as there are no obvious immediate benefits for their kid. A proper run and lift national consciousness about early intercession and available services need to be on top of authoritiess dockets. Early intercession needs to take into history childrens right, supply participative duologue, tackle systemic inequalities and construct societal capital ( trust, committedness, and attachment to socially approved and legitimate norm ) . This can take to minimising offense and maximising societal stableness. There is a demand for an incorporate bar paradigm taking into history the kid, the household and the community. Government is in favor of bar and early intercession ( Early Intervention Grant, Early Intervention Foundation ) nevertheless kids are still stealing through the net as our chief concerns were reorganization, web coordination and information sharing and non supply the rudimentss to our kids. As it is made obvious from the above, multi-agency working demands to be supported and reinforced to supply effectual services. Decision We need to back up schemes that they can take to solidarity back uping each other, minimising societal exclusion and disfunction, puting in the societal capital as, particularly in the UK, communities are multiethnic and multi-racial with fewer and more elusive relationships among its members. The effects of economic and planetary culturalization had changed the human ecology, individualities, competencies and life tracts so we need to larn about the kids and their experiences. We cant think the same instances that we thought 20 or even ten old ages before. Early intercession and early old ages services need to take into history shared individualities and solidarity and they need to be mentioned in policy. As we have already mentioned, early intercession programmes need to take into history the wider jobs of household instability, community diminution and young person upset. Knowledge of kids in demand is bigger and better ; issues of hazards and resiliency are more familiar ; importance of working together ; there is a little but robust grounds for effectual early intercession ; early intercession demands to prosecute with kids and households in multiple ways and degrees ; multidisciplinary pattern and research should be high on the policy docket ; in the US clear cost benefits from early intercession, now surveies are carry oning in the UK. Our meta-policy challenge of our epoch is with what thought, from where and with whom we will co-construct better pattern to run into the disputing demands of kids. There is demand for more comparative policy research, national benchmarking and peer reappraisal of enterprises in other states.